黄渤海区域水产品中全氟烷基物质的分布特征

选取黄渤海区域水产品生产、消费水平较高的23个城市,采集鱼类、海洋贝类、甲壳类、头足类及海珍品（海参、鲍鱼）等5类水产品共1225个样本,采用超快速液相色谱-串联质谱法测定了23种全氟烷基物质（PFASs）的含量,并分析了黄渤海区域水产品中PFASs的残留水平及分布特征.结果表明,黄渤海区域水产品中PFASs的残留水平具有明显的组分差异、城市分布及品种分布差异等特征.在23种PFASs组分中,共检出20种PFASs,其中全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）和全氟辛酸（PFOA）的检出率最高,分别为79.1%和71.7%,且PFOA的质量浓度占比最高（64.5%）,为首要污染组分;在不同采样点样本中,莱州湾近岸的潍坊、滨州和东营,渤海湾近岸的沧州以及辽东湾近岸的营口为PFASs总质量浓度（∑PFASs）较高的城市,残留水平范围为10.2~16.8μg/kg;在不同品种样本中,检出PFASs组分的数量由高到低为：鱼类（20种） > 海洋贝类、甲壳类（18种） > 海珍品（16种） > 头足类（10种）,其中海洋贝类、海珍品样本中检出率最高的是PFOA,鱼类、甲壳类样本中检出率最高的是PFOS,而头足类则是全氟辛烷磺酰胺（PFOSA）;通过计算不同水产品中PFASs各组分的平均含量发现,PFOA、PFOS、全氟十一烷酸（PFUdA）和PFOSA在不同品种中平均含量相对较高,且表现出较为明显的组分差异性;通过计算危害指数（HR）评价人体暴露于PFASs的健康风险,得到PFASs各组分的危害指数均 < 1,说明黄渤海区域水产品中残留的PFASs对消费者的潜在健康风险较低.     

废水中含磷表面活性剂的测定

应用非水电位滴定法测定了废水中各种烷基磷酸酯钾盐及其单、双酯盐。方法的变异系数分别为２．３％和７．８％（ｎ＝１２）。本法可有效地消除非离子表面活性剂的干扰，适用于化纤油剂的质量检验和上油槽中油剂浓度的测定。     

Test for the effects of three surfactants on the penetration ability of the calcium chloride and water glass solutions in dust

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Water solubility enhancements of pyrene by single and mixed surfactant solutions

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＳｕｒｆａｃｔａｎｔｓｅｎｈａｎｃｅｔｈｅｒｅｍｅｄｉａｔｉｏｎｏｆＮＡＰＬ ｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｅｄｓｉｔｅｓｂｙｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｔｈｅａｑｕｅｏｕｓ ｐｈａｓｅｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＮＡＰＬｖｉａｍｉｃｅｌｌｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ ,ｍｉｃｒｏｅｍｕｌｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ,ｏｒｍｏｂｉｌｉｚｉｎｇｔｈｅＮＡＰＬｐｈａｓｅ (Ｋｉｌｅ ,1989;Ｅｄｗａｒｄｓ,1991;Ｇｕｈａ ,1998ａ ;Ｋｏ ,1998;Ｚｉｍｍｅｒｍａｎ ,1999;Ｂｅｔｔａｈａｒ,1999;Ｗｉｌｌｓｏｎ ,1999;Ｐａ…     

非离子表面活性剂对污泥调理脱水效果的影响

现有污泥脱水技术仅使污泥含水率降到80%左右,难以满足日益严格的污泥处置要求.以污泥比阻（SRF）、脱水率为考察指标,比较了两大类非离子型表面活性剂（辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚OPEO型和烷基糖苷APG）对剩余污泥的脱水效果,并对原泥及调理后污泥进行了显微观察.结果表明,非离子表面活性剂可使污泥絮体粒径变小,不规则程度降低,改善了污泥的脱水性能,而且烷基糖苷APG脱水效果优于OPEO型.APG投加量为0.05%干固体时,污泥比阻即可降低到原泥的42%,脱水率可达到93%.以烷基糖苷APG为调理剂进行板框脱水实验,结果表明,当APG投加量为0.05%干固体时,脱水泥饼含水率比原泥脱水泥饼含水率低约10%,脱水率可达到97%.本研究为APG应用于污泥脱水,改善污泥脱水性能提供一些参考.     

Evaluation of reusing alum sludge for the coagulation of industrial wastewater containing mixed anionic surfactants

A coagulation-flocculation process is typically employed to treat the industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry manufacturing detergents, soaps, and others. The expenditure of chemicals including coagulants and chemicals for pH adjustment is costly for treating this wastewater. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of reusing the aluminum sulfate (alum) sludge as a coagulant or as a coagulation aid so that the fresh alum dosage can be minimized or the removal e ciency can be enhanced. The experiments were conducted in a jar-test apparatus simulating the coagulation-flocculation process for simultaneous removals of organic matters, anionic surfactants, suspended solids, and turbidity. At the optimum initial pH value of 10 and the fresh alum concentration of 400 mg/L, the total suspended solids (TSS), total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), total anionic surfactants, and turbidity removal e ciencies were 71.5%, 76.4%, 95.4%, and 98.2%, respectively. The addition of alum sludge as a coagulant alone without any fresh alum addition could significantly remove the turbidity, TCOD, and anionic surfactants. The TSS was left in the supernatants after the settling period, but would subsequently be removed by adding the fresh alum. The TSS, TCOD, and turbidity removal e ciencies were also enhanced when both the alum sludge and the fresh alum were employed. The TCOD removal e ciency over 80% has been accomplished, which has never fulfilled by using the fresh alum alone. It is concluded that the alum sludge could be reused for the treatment of industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry.     

土壤阴离子表面活性剂总量亚甲基蓝法研究

文章通过设计正交试验,针对提取的主要因素提取液配比、提取时间、提取温度和提取剂用量确定最优的前处理方法,建立与国标《水质阴离子表面活性剂亚甲基蓝分光光度法》(GB7494-87)对应的土壤阴离子表而活性剂(LAS)的亚甲基蓝分光光度法.土壤样品烘干后经20 mL乙醇水溶液(70％)提取,水浴恒温振荡仪45℃下振荡2h,...     

亚甲蓝分光光度法测定水体阴离子表面活性剂方法的探讨

LAS是地表水和地下水水质的必测项目,国标（GB7494—87）方法操作复杂,要重复萃取四次后再洗涤,有机溶剂消耗量大,而且相当的耗时,本文通过同步实验对比与分析,得出：一次性加入20mL氯仿萃取加洗涤的方法其测定结果较好,而且极大地减轻了氯仿对分析人员身体的损害程度。测定结果有较好的精密度和准确度。本方法具有可观的经济性、安全性和可操作性。     

The structure of the fire fighting foam surfactant Forafac®1157 and its biological and photolytic transformation products

For several decades, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has widely been used as a fluorinated surfactant in aqueous film forming foams used as hydrocarbon fuel fire extinguishers. Due to concerns regarding its environmental persistence and toxicological effects, PFOS has recently been replaced by novel fluorinated surfactants such as Forafac®1157, developed by the DuPont company. The major component of Forafac®1157 is a 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB), and a link between the trade name and the exact chemical structure is presented here to the scientific community for the first time. In the present work, the structure of the 6:2 FTAB was elucidated by ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁹F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Moreover, its major metabolites from blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and its photolytic transformation products were identified. Contrary to what has earlier been observed for PFOS, the 6:2 FTAB was extensively metabolized by blue mussel and turbot exposed to Forafac®1157. The major metabolite was a deacetylated betaine species, from which mono- and di-demethylated metabolites also were formed. Another abundant metabolite was the 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide. In another experiment, Forafac®1157 was subjected to UV-light induced photolysis. The experimental conditions aimed to simulate Arctic conditions and the deacetylated species was again the primary transformation product of 6:2 FTAB. A 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide was also formed along with a non-identified transformation product. The environmental presence of most of the metabolites and transformation products was qualitatively demonstrated by analysis of soil samples taken in close proximity to an airport fire training facility.     

Ecotoxicity and biodegradability of antielectrostatic dicephalic cationic surfactants

Four series of dicephalic cationic surfactants, considered as new antielectrostatic agents have been investigated in order to establish their toxicity and biodegradability. Among them N,N-bis[3,3′-(dimethylamine)propyl]alkylamides, N,N-bis[3,3′-(dimethylamine)propyl]alkylamide dihydrochlorides, N,N-bis[3,3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl]alkylamide dibromides and N,N-bis[3,3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl]alkylamide dimethylsulphates with different hydrophobic chain length (n-C₉H₁₉ to n-C₁₅H₃₁) and type of counterion (chloride, bromide and methylsulfate) have been studied. The inhibitory effect against microorganisms has been examined using model gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts. None of the tested surfactants have shown antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida) and yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhodotorula glutinis) at a concentration below 1000 μg mL⁻¹, however some of them were moderately active against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis). The Microtox® test was successfully applied to measure EC₅₀ values of the studied dicephalic cationic surfactants. Their toxicity to Vibrio fischeri depended upon the alkanoyl chain length with the EC₅₀ values in a range of 2.6-980 mg L⁻¹. N,N-bis[3,3′-(dimethylamine)propyl]alkylamide dihydrochlorides 2a-b and N,N-bis[3,3′-(trimethylammonio)propyl]alkylamide dibromides 3a-b comprising n-decanoyl and n-dodecanoyl hydrophobic tails appeared to be the least toxic. Furthermore, the biodegradability under aerobic conditions of 2a-b, 3a-b was evaluated using OECD Method 301F. According to the obtained results 2a, 3a-3b can be considered as almost readily biodegradable and they are not expected to be persistent in the environment. Additionally, partial biodegradation was observed for 2b, indicating its possible biodegradation in wastewater treatment systems.